Advisability : SHOULD , OUGHT TO , HAD BETTER

Advisability : SHOULD , OUGHT TO , HAD BETTER

1. Should and ought to have the same meaning; they express advisability. The meaning ranges in strength from a suggestion ( “ this is a good idea “ ) to a statement about responsibility or duty(“ this is a very important thing to do” )

Example :

a. You should study harder

  You ought to study harder

b. Drivers should obey the speed limit

  Drivers ought to obey the speed limit

Note :

In (a). this is a good idea. This is my advice.

In (b). this is an important responsibility

Negative contractions:

- you shouldn’t leave your keys in the car

Note : ougt to is not commonly used in the negative. If it is used in the negative, the to is sometimes dropped. You oughtn’t (to) leave your keys in the car

2. Ought to is often pronounced” otta “ in informal speaking

Example :

- I ought to (“otta”)study tonight, but I think I’ll watch tv instead

3. In meaning had better is close to should/ought to but had better is usually stronger.often had better implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences.

a. The gas tank is almost empty. We had better stop  at next services station

b. You had better take care of that cut on your hand soon, or it will get infected

Note  :

In (a). if we don’t stop at a service station, there will be a bad result. We will run out of gas

THE USE OF HAD BETTER :

- it has a present or future meaning

- It is followed by the simple form of a verb

- It is more common in speaking than writing

Contraction : ’d better , sometimes in speaking , had is dropped

a. You’d better take care of it

b. You better take care of it

Negative form : had better + not

- you’d better not be late

Expressing necessity : MUST , HAVE TO , HAVE GOT TO

Expressing necessity : MUST , HAVE TO , HAVE GOT TO

MUST and HAVE TO both express necessity

Example :

a. All applicants must take an entrance exam

b. All applicants have to take an entrance exam

Note : it is necessary for every applicant to take an entrance exam. There is no other choice. The exam is required

In everyday statements of necessity, have to is used more commonly than must . must is usually stronger than have toband can indicate urgency or stress importance.

Example :

a. I’m looking for sue. I have to talk to her about our lunch date tomorrow. I can’t meet her for lunch because I have to go to a business meeting at 1:00

b. Where’s sue ? I must talk to her right away. I have to urgent message for her

note :

In (a) : the speaker is simply saying, “ I need to do this, and I need to do that. “

In (b) : the speaker is strongly saying, “ this is very important !“

Have to is usually pronounced “hafta”;

has to is usually pronounced “ hasta”

Example :

a. I have to (“hafta”) be home by eight

b. He has to (“hasta”) go to a meeting tonight

Have got to also expresses the idea of necessity:

Example :

a. I have to go now. I have a class in ten minutes

b. I have to go now. I have a class in ten minutes

Note :

a and b have the same meaning. Have got to is informal and is used primarily in spoken english. Have to is used in both formal and informal english

Usual pronounciation of got to is “gotta”. sometimes have is dropped in speech: “ I gotta do it”

Example :

- I have got to go ( “ I have gotta go / I gotta go”)  now

The idea of past necessity is expressed by had to. There is no other past form for must ( when it means necessity ) or have got to

Exercise : MUST , HAVE TO , HAVE GOT TO.

Directions : Answer the question. Practise pronouncing the usual spoken forms of have to and have got to 

1. what are some of the things you have to do tday or tomorrow ?

2. What does ……. have to do todays ?

3. What have you got to do after class ?

4. What has ………….. got to do after class ?

5. Can you think of something very important that you must do today or tomorrow ?

6. What is something that you had to do yesterday ?

7. Ask a classmate a question using have to and what time/where/how often/why.*

* a form of do is used with have to inquestions : e.g., when does he have to leave ?

Lack of necessity and prohibition : have to and must in the negative

When used in the negative , must and have to have different meanings

Lack of necessity

a. Tomorrow is a holiday. We don’t have to go to class

b. I can hear you. You don’t have to shout

Do not have to = lack of necessity in (a) it is not necessary for us to go to class tomorrow because it is a holiday.

Must not = prohibition ( do not do this )

Prohibition

a. You must not look in the closet. Your birthday present in hidden there.

b. You must not tell anyone my secret. Do you promise ?

Note : negative contraction : mustn’t ( the first “t” is silent:”muss-ent”)

- lack of necessity may also be expressed by need not + the simple form of verb : you needn’t shout .the use of needn’t as an auxiliary is chiefly Britihs Except in certain common expressions such as “ you needn’t worry “

Exercise : HAVE TO and MUST in the negative

Directions : use must not or do not have to in the following

1. I’ve already finished all my work, so I don’t have to study tonight. I think I’ll read for a while

2. I must not forget to take my key with me

3. You ……………… introduce me to Dr.Gray. We’ve already met

4. In order to be a good salesclerk, you ……………….. be rude to a costumer

5. A person …………….. become rich and famous in order to live a successful life

6. Johnny ! you ………. play with sharp knives. Put that knife down immediately!

7. I …………….. go to the doctor. I’m feeling much better

8. We ………..go to the concert if you don’t want to , but it might be good

9. Robin ! what are you doing ? no, no, no. You ……………….put your vitamin pill in your nose!

10. Bats ………….see in order to avoid obstacles. They can navigate in complete darkness

11. If you encounter a growling dog , you ……………… show any signs of fear. If a dog senses far, it is more likely to attack person.

12. A person ……….. get married in order to lead a happy and fulfilling life

Exercise : HAVE TO and MUST in the negative

Directions : complete the sentences with your own words

Possible response : students in elementary school don’t have to pay tuition

Example : students must not ……………

Possible response : students must not cheat during tests

1. children must not ………….

2. Children don’t have to …….

3. Drivers must not …………

4. Drivers don’t have to …….

5. We don’t have to ……..

6. We must not …………..

7. ….… doesn’t have to ……..

8. ….….. must not …..

9. Waiters must not …….

10. Waiters don’t have to …….

11. I don’t have to ……

12. I must not ………

Introduction and Interview

Talking about the first meeting of new students in the classroom , we should do first the introduction to have a good atmosphere . for the teacher , perhaps you can implementate these , i took them from a book " UNDERSTANDING AND USING " English Grammar third edition

Introductions and interviews

Activity      : introductions and interviews.

Directions : do one or more of the following activities.

Activity A :

Interview another student in your class. Take notes during the interview, and then introduce this student to the rest of the class or to a small group of classmates. Possible topics for the interview follow. What questions might you ask to elicit this information ?

- name

- spelling of name

- country of origin

- present residence

- Length of time in ( this city or country ) , both past and future

- reason for coming here

- Field of study or work

- Activities in free time

- general well-being and adjustment to living here

- comments on living here

Activity B. 

Write a brief autobiographical paragraph telling who you are, what you have done in the past two years , and what your plans are for the next two years. Then exchange your paper with a classmate. Ask each other questions to clarify your understanding and elicit further information.

Next , join two other students fo form a group of four. Tell the others in the group about the classmate whose paragraph you read

Activity C . Interview a classmate outside of class and write a biography of his/her life

Activity D. Interview a native speaker of english and write a biography of his/her life

Activity E. with a classmate, take a trip to a particular place , such as a museum, a theater, or a restaurant. Write a report of your exercusion, or give an oral report to your classmates

Using OF in expressions of quantity

Using OF in expressions of quantity

Some expression of quantity ( such as a lot of ) always contain of

Example :

A lot of books are paperbacks

A lot of my books are paperbacks

A lot books are paperbacks ( incorrect )

Sometime of is used with an expression of quantity , and sometimes of is not used with the same expression of quantity.

Example :

many of my books are paperbacks

many my books are paperbacks ( incorrect )

Many books are paperbacks

Many of books are paperbacks ( incorrect )

Group One : Expressions of quantity that always contain OF

A lot of a number of a majority of

Lots of a great deal of plenty of

Group Two :Expression of quantity that sometimes contain of and sometimes not

All ( of ) many ( of ) one ( of ) both ( of ) some (of )

Most ( of ) much ( of ) two ( of ) several ( of ) any ( of )

Almost all ( of ) a few ( of ) three ( of )

A little ( of ) etc

1. many of my books are in english

2. Many of those books are in english

3. Many of the books on that shelf are in english

Of is used with the expressions of quantity in group two when the noun is specific when it is preceded by :

1. my , john’s ( or any possesive ), as in 1

2. this , that, these , or those as in 2

3. the , as in 3

Of is not used with the expressions of quantity in group two if the noun it modifies is nonspecific.

Example :

4. many books are in english

In (4) the noun books is nonspesific; ie , the speaker is not referring to “ your books” or “ these books on that desk.” the speaker is not referring to specific books , but to books in general.

Exercise : using OF in expressions of quantity

Directions : add of if necessary. Write - if of is not necessary

1. I know several ……………… jack’s friends

2. I’ve made several ……… friends lately

3. Some………students are lazy. Most …………students are hard-working

4. Seome …………..the students in Mrs.Gray’s class are a little lazy

5. Most ……. books have an index

6. Most ………… Ali’s books are written in Arabic

7. I bought a few ……… books yesterday

8. I’ve read a few …………. those books

9. I’m new here. I don’t know many …………… people yet.

10. I’ve just moved into a new apartment. I don’t know many …………….my neighbors yet

11. Have you taken any ………….. trips lately

12. Sam hasn’t met any …………. the students in the other class

13. I usually get a lot ………… mail

14. A lot ………….the mail I get is junk mail

15. Our class has 30 students. Mr Freeman’s class has 25 students. Ms North’s class has 20 students. Of the three classes , our class has the most ………….. students*

16. Most …………… the students in our class are very smart*

17. Out of all the students,  Ali usually asks the most…………………………………questions during class. Most ……..his questions are about grammar.

18. Most ………. people need six to eight hours of sleep every night.

19. Most ……… the people in this class alaways hand in their assignments on time.

20. China has the most ………… people of any country in the world.

Using a few and few ; a little and little

Using a few and few ; a little and little

a few and a little give a positive idea; they indicate that something exists , is present.

Example

- she has been here only two weeks, but she has already made a few friends

( positive ideas : she has made some friends )

- I am very pleased . I have been able to save a little money this month.

( positive idea : I have saved some money instead of spending all of it )

Few and little ( without a ) give a negative idea; they indicate that something is largely absent.

Very + few/little makes the negative stronger , the number / amount smaller.

- I feel sorry for her. She has ( very ) few friends

( negative idea : she does not have many friends; she has almost no friends )

- I have very little money. I don’t even have enough money to buy food for dinner.

( negative idea : I do not have much money; I have almost no money )

Exercise : a few and few ; a little and little

Directions: without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence , replace the italicized words with a few , (very ) few , a little , or ( very ) little.

1. I think that some lemon juice on fish makes it taste better

2. Many people are multilingual, but not many people speak more than ten languages

3. Some sunshine is better than none

4. January is a cold and dreary month in northern states. There is not much sunshine during that month

5. My parents like to watch TV. Every evening they watch two or three programs on TV before they go to bed

6. I don’t watch TV very much because there are hardly any television programs that I enjoy.

7. If a door squeaks, several drops of oil in the right places can prevent future trouble

8. If your door squeaks , put some oil on the hinges

9. Mr.Adams doesn’t like to wear rings on his fingers. He wears almost no jewelry

Exercise ii : using a few and few ; a little and little

Directions : complete the sentences with a few, ( very ) few, a little, ( very ) little

1. Do you have ………………. minutes ? I’d like to ask you ………….. questions. I need …………….. more information.

2. Diana’s previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she makes …………..mistakes in her work

3. After steve tasted the soup , he added ………….. salt to it

4. I don’t like a lot of salt  on my food. I add salt to my food

5. I like music. I like to listen to ……………. music after dinner before I begin studying

6. Driving downtown to the stadium for the baseball game was easy. We got there quickly because there was …………………… traffic

7. Jim is having a lot of troubke adjusting to eight grade. He seems to be unpopular. Unfortunately , he has ………. friends.

8. We are looking forward to our vacation. We are planning to spend ……………………….. days with my folks and then ……………. days with my husband’s folks. After that, we are going to go to a fishing resort in canada

9. A. Are you finished ?

  B . Not yet. I need ……………….more minutes

10. A. are you finished ?

   B. Not yet. I need ………………. more time

11. I was hungry , so I ate ……..nuts

12. Because the family is very poor, the children have ………….toys

13. Into each life , …… rain must fall. ( a saying )

14. Natasha likes sweet tea. She usually adds ………honey to her tea.Sometimes she adds ……………… milk, too

15. Has nayone ever called you on the phone and tried to sell you something you didn’t want ? I have …….. patience with people who interrupt my dinner to try to sell me a mgazine.

16. He’s a lucky little boy. Because his parents have taken good care of him , he has had ………….. problems in his young life

Spelling of - ing and -ed forms

Spelling of - ing and -ed forms

1. verbs that end in a consonant and -e

Example : hope      hoping    hoped

     Date      dating     dated

     Injure    injuring   injured

Note : Ing form : if the words ends in -e drop the -e and add

 ( exception if a verbs ends in -ee, the final -e is dropped : seeing, agreeing, freeing )

 Ed form : if the word ends in a consonant and -e , just add -d

2. verbs that end in a vowel and a consonant

Example : one-syllable verbs

a. stop     stopping    stopped

    Rob      robbing      robbed

    Beg      begging      begged

B. Rain raining rained

    Fool         fooling       fooled

    Dream    dreaming   dreamed

Note : - 1 vowel ---> 2 consonant ( exception : -w and -x are not doubled : plow = plowed; fix=fixed )

 - 2 vowel ---> 1 consonant

Example : two-syllable verbs

a. Listen     listening    listened

    Offer       offering     offered

    Open      opening     opened

b. Begin     beginning    began

    Prefer     preferring   preferred

    Control   controlling  controlled

Note : a. first syllable stressed ---> 1 consonant

     b. second syllable stressed --> 2 consonant

3. verbs that end in two consonant 

Example :

Start         starting             started

Fold          folding              folded

Demand   demanding     demanded

  

Note : if the word ends in two consonants , just add the ending

4. verbs that end in -Y

Exsmple :

a. Enjoy          enjoying        enjoyed

    Pray            praying           prayed

    Buy             buying            bought

b. Study         studying         studied

     Try              trying             tried

     Reply          replying         replied

Note : a. if -y is preceded by a vowel , keep the -y

 b. if -y is preceded by consonant :

   Ing form : keep the-y , add -ing

   Ed form : change -y to -I , add -ed

5. verbs that end in -ie

Example : die dying died

Lie lying lied

Note : -ing form : change -ie to -y , add -ing.

 -edbform : add -d

Exercise : spelling of -ING and -ED forms

Part 1. Write the correct -ing forms in the following

1. hold ---> holding  9. act ……………

2. Hide …………..       10. pat …………

3. Run ……………        11. open ………

4. Ruin ………….         12. begin ……….

5. Come ………..         13. earn …………

6. Write ………..          14. fry ……………

7. Eat …………….          15. die …………..

8. Sit …………….           16. employ ………

Part 2 : write the correct -ing and -ed forms for the following

1. boil boiling , boiled         9. plan ………….. ………..

2. Try ……………… ……………. 10. tie ………….. …………

3. Stay …………….. ………….   11. help ………. …………

4. Tape ………….. ………….      12. study …….. ………….

5. Tap …………… …………         13. admit …….. …………

6. Offer ………… ………….        14. visit ………… ………….

7. Prefer ………. …………          15. hug ………… ………….

8. Gain …………. …………         16. rage ………. …………..

Part 3 : write the correct -ed form

1. dare   dared                          7. exit …………………….

2. Jar ……………..                        8. permit ……………….

3. Jeer …………..                         9. intensify …………….

4. Dot …………….                      10. destroy …………….

5. Loot …………..                       11. suffer …………………

6. Point ………….                       12. occur ……………………

Part 4 : write the correct -ing

1. raid    raiding                       7. tame ………………

2. Ride ……………..                     8. teem ……………..

3. Bid ……………….                      9. trim ……………….

4. Bury …………….                      10. harm …………….

5. Decay ………….                       11. ripen …………….

6. Tie ………………                       12. regret …………….